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A torque converter is a fluid coupling which is utilized so as to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an internal combustion engine or as electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is similar to a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a considerable difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most popular type of torque converter utilized in car transmissions is the fluid coupling type. During the 1920s there was also the Constantinesco or otherwise known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs for continuously variable transmissions that could multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is a kind that has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive that cannot multiply torque. A torque converter has an added element which is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics during occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
In a torque converter, there are a minimum of three rotating elements: the turbine, to drive the load, the impeller that is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under whatever condition and this is where the term stator starts from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been alterations that have been incorporated at times. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is needed, modifications to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Most commonly, these modifications have taken the form of multiple turbines and stators. Each and every set has been intended to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several examples include the Dynaflow that makes use of a five element converter so as to produce the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
While it is not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters include a lock-up clutch so as to reduce heat and to enhance cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.
